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White Death: the Sniper Who Killed 700 Soviets in 100 Days

The_White_Death_taking_aimPhoto:
Image: Photographer unknown

Ensconced in the snow, his white camouflage suit rendering him invisible to the invading Soviet soldiers he stalked, Simo Häyhä steadied himself to fire. During the 1939–1940 Winter War, in temperatures as low as –40 °C, the Finnish sniper undertook a killing spree that saw him single-handedly take the lives of at least 700 men in less than 100 days. Over 500 of these he shot using a standard, bolt-action rifle with non-telescopic sights. Is it any wonder he earned the nickname The White Death among his enemies? Meet the man who would take Rambo to the cleaners.

Young_Simo_Häyhä_before_being_woundedPhoto:
Image: Photographer unknown

The sharpshooter who would later be credited with the highest number of confirmed kills in any war in history came from humble rural beginnings. Born near the present day Finnish-Russian border, Häyhä was a farmer and hunter before entering combat, though it’s no shock to learn he already had his share of marksman’s trophies. His skills sharpened by the sort of training only life can offer, this tough little outdoorsman was always going to be a handful, and when the Red Army invaded Finland three months after the outbreak of WWII, Häyhä heard the call of duty.

Simo_Häyhä_after_being_awarded_the_honorary_riflePhoto:
Image: Finnish Military Archives

Little was the operative word. Häyhä stood just 5 ft 3 in (1.6 m) tall, which was one basis for his choice of weapon, an M/28 or M28/30 Soviet Mosin-Nagant rifle that suited his small frame. He also rejected a scoped rifle in favour of basic iron sights for other reasons: it meant he presented less of target as he could keep his head lower; it negated the risk of his position being exposed by sun glare in a telescopic lens; and lastly open sights were not prone to fogging up or breaking which was a concern in the snow and ice of the Winter War. Häyhä was a professional.

The_White_Death_being_honoured_in_Kollaa_17_February_1940Photo:
Image: Photographer unknown

Of course an iron-sighted rifle also made aiming more difficult, but with 505 confirmed kills as a sniper – the other 200 he shot using a sub-machine gun – Häyhä clearly had a keen eye. Another tactic this greatest of gunmen used to conceal his own position from the enemy was to compact the snow before him so that his shot would not disturb the snow, and in true commando fashion he also kept his mouth was full of snow so that his breath did not give him away.

Häyhä_smiling_after_being_awarded_his_riflePhoto:
Image: Photographer unknown

Despite such measures, Häyhä’s fearful reputation preceded him, and the advancing Soviets tried several strategies specifically designed to dispose of this deadly lone menace. Teams of counter-snipers and artillery units were deployed with the sole purpose of eliminating The White Death, but the snow-covered forests of Finland were his hunting grounds, not theirs.

Häyhä_promoted_to_Second_lieutenant,_28_August_1940Photo:
Image: Finnish Military Archives

Eventually, however, the Finnish sharpshooter’s exploits caught up with him. On March 6 1940, he was shot in the face while on the frontline by a Russian soldier. The exploding bullet went through his jaw and blew off his left cheek, with the soldiers who picked him up and brought him back to base reporting that "half his head was missing". Yet Häyhä – said to be a quiet, affable man – was still able to survive, awakening from his coma on March 13, the day peace was declared.

Finnish_Lahti-Saloranta_M/26_LMG_in_firing_position_at_KollaaPhoto:
Image: Photographer unknown

The heroic stand taken by Simo Häyhä and his fellow Fins against Soviet forces that outnumbered them by as much as 100:1 is often referred to as The Miracle of Kollaa. When the war had ended, Häyhä was promoted straight from corporal to second lieutenant. He went on to become a successful moose hunter and lived to the age of 96. When he was asked about his service, he stated, "I only did what was ordered, and did it as well as I could." Asked what the key to his success was, his short answer was, “Practice... and clear days.”

Sources: 1, 2, 3

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William Scarbrough (not verified) says:

If you are interested in knowing what rifle he is using in the pictures it is a Mosin Nagant 91-30. This is a very hardy and useful rifle. The Mosin fires a 7.62X54r round. This is a perfect sniper rifle.

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Mandalf (not verified) says:

Spawncamping fag lol

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BAM (not verified) says:

His K/D ratio is 700/0, huh?..... HAX!!!

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David (not verified) says:

He must have had some Steady Aim Pro

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Fabricio (not verified) says:

Snipers are just cowards. With a good aim, but still cowards.

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Ron Paul (not verified) says:

I hate snipers!

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Splash Parks (not verified) says:

hahahah later russia

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Davy (not verified) says:

"I'm a real Frederick Zoller"

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Alex Ford (not verified) says:

In the winter war with Finland, Russian troops invading the country were issued with exploding bullets, in contravention of the Geneva accords. That's why Simo's head was half blown off.

The defense of Finland against Stalin's aggression was one of the great miracles of military history, the Finns fought heroically and were much assisted by the fact that Soviet forces, although formidably equiped and many, many times larger, were paralysed by Stalinist terror. Soviet Generals would rather send 10,000s of men to certain death that admit a simple error or question a stupid command.

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DamnCat (not verified) says:

"Killed 700 Soviets in 100 Days"

Meh, Stalin did better.

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Milton Stanley (not verified) says:

Wonderful article. Thank you for a fascinating historical essay.

One question: are you sure the man in the second photo is really Häyhä? He doesn't look like the same man as in the other photos.

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schizuki (not verified) says:

The first photo is not him. It's a Swedish soldier. The rifle is an 1896 Swedish Mauser. The rest of the photos show the correct Moisin-Nagant rifle.

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higgins1990 (not verified) says:

Snipers are cowards? The Soviets invaded Finland and outnumbered the Finns 100:1. And Fabio would have attacked with only a bayonet? What a dick. If a war breaks out, I hope Fabio and his ilk are on the other side.

Cowards sit at home behind their computer and slander heroes that actually fought.

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Chas Clifton (not verified) says:

The first photo is obviously not Häyhä, since the rifle is not a Mosin-Nagant, which is what he used.

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MarkJ (not verified) says:

Fabricio,

"Snipers are just cowards. With a good aim, but still cowards."

Wrong. On the Eastern Front, for example, snipers on both sides performed their assigned tasks knowing full well that if they were captured they would be executed on the spot...but likely not before being brutally tortured.

Put yourself in their boots, pal, and then try calling them cowards.

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hal parker (not verified) says:

"He shot using a standard, bolt-action rifle with non-telescopic sights." Doesn't your first photograph show him WITH a telescope-fitted rifle? No doubt there is an explanation but this sort of apparent contradiction should not happen as it distracts, confuses and inclines one to lose confidence in the veracity of the piece.

1

Kibbey Stovall (not verified) says:

There are actually several rifles shown in the article's pictures. The first image of the masked shooter shows him using a Swedish M96 Mauser. The Finns did use some Swedish rifles in the winter war, and they are very accurate bolt action rifles. The second picture showing Hayha with a scoped rifle is of a Soviet 91/30 Mosin-Nagant with an early scope configuration. This was probably captured from the Soviets during the Winter War. The third image of Hayha standing alone in the snow has him holding a Finnish M28 or M28-30 Mosin-Nagant. The article does not correctly distinguish that the Finns, while originally equipped with Tsarist-era Russian Mosin-Nagant rifles, had set about re-designing and improving them in the '20's such that large numbers of Civil Guard and Army soldiers were equipped with the vastly superior M24, M27, M28, M28-30, and M39 model rifles by the start of the Winter War. These Finnish Mosin-Nagants are considered among the most accurate of military bolt action rifles ever made.

The most astonishing thing to me is the report here that he used a submachine gun to claim the lives of 200+ Soviet troops. SMGs are not sniping weapons, usually having effective ranges less than 100 yards. Knowing that he must have been eyeball to eyeball with over 200 enemy soldiers should be convincing evidence of the man's bravery.

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subrot0 (not verified) says:

Now that's a soldier and a warrior. Once again, practice, practice and practice makes you very very lethal. Thanks for the story.

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Californio (not verified) says:

With the benefit of hindsight, the greatest threat to the personal safety of the average Soviet conscript was his own chain of command. Throw in stubborn tough outdoorsmen like Simo who, despite not being a "professional" soldier really embodied the characteristics of one - well it was not going to end well for the Soviets. Note too the Finns adopted the weapons of the invader - a built in system of re-supply - kill them and take their munitions.

P.S. despite an international mistaken view of americans as fat and lazy, I have plenty of relatives that are Simo's american equivalent. Not people to triffle with.

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Bryan (not verified) says:

Terrific article. My wife is part Finn, and she's a better shot than me. Coincidence?

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ola (not verified) says:

cool story, bro

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soot (not verified) says:

Mandalf, stay in your bedroom and play games on your computer until you die

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vyacheslav_139 (not verified) says:

it's a very interesting post! I would translate into russia, then insert in my blog, let people in Russia read the truth.
Naturally, i would leave a hyperlink to that site. Wait for new readers from snowy Russia. Only after 7 days.

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A. C. (not verified) says:

It was in this war that the biathlon became more than just a sport. We should always keep it in the Winter Olympics.

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mike (not verified) says:

we are children of greater men

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MekhongKurt (not verified) says:

Fabricio, you wrote, "Snipers are just cowards. With a good aim, but still cowards." Consider this: General George Patton of World War II fame is reputed to have said in an address to his troops before leading them off to war, "Your job isn't to die for your country; your job is to make the *other* poor bastard die for *his* country" (or words very close to that.

Soldiers in war aren't, after all, Old West gunfighters who mount met on Main Street at high noon to face off one-on-one, a tradition itself based on the older notion of the duel. In the tradition of the duel, concepts from the Age of Chivalry dominated -- fairness. In warfare, fairness doesn't count, nor, indeed, did it count in warfare during the Age of Chivalry, or not much anyway.

I believe that in this case we have to remember two important points: first, Häyhä was defending his homeland from invaders, and, second, he and his countrymen were outnumbered by as much as 100 to 1 -- not good odds, especially when the invaders not only have superior numbers, but also the corresponding superior firepower. Surely those two points excuse much.

If snipers are cowards, then every soldier is a coward -- ordinary soldiers try to hide in places of concealment, too. So is every naval gunner operating a huge naval gun (or, these days, more likely a missile) from miles offshore and over the horizon -- pounding the enemy troops ashore. So are pilots flying so high as to be invisible and inaudible and who are dropping bombs. For that matter, so is every police officer who tries to hide from the bad guys instead of bravely (and stupidly) swaggering in like Marshall Dillon or Wyatt Earp.

We can go even a step further. So is a family member whose home is the victim of a home invader, a family member who gets a gun and sneaks up behind the home invader(s) and shoots him/them in the back to save his family. I know that many of us, and maybe you, would agree that to call this family member "a coward" is unfair -- but that's where the logic behind your statement ultimately, relentlessly, leads us.

Let me close with a rhetorical question regarding a certain category of Russian snipers during World War II. When Hitler betrayed Russia and was advancing like a juggernaut towards Moscow, a number of Russian women -- women! -- volunteered to remain behind with guns . . . many hidden, sniping at and killing or wounding advancing German soldiers -- cowards, Sir?

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jOYbOY88 (not verified) says:

Suomi Finland Perkele!!!!!!!
SHOOTING COWARDS COMMUNISTS!!
AVE WHITE DEATH!!!

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Finn (not verified) says:

The man in the second picture is definitely NOT Simo Häyhä.

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u hatin ass fags (not verified) says:

so all that time spent hunting down this guy by the soviets only to get p4wnd by this deusche, and none of them thought of just nuking Finland?

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Skeletextman (not verified) says:

There's a fine line between heroism and psychopathy. I think this guy is on the psychopathic side.

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Frank H (not verified) says:

WOW! I have always admired snipers, though I had never heard of this gentleman, and have always thought that Hathcock was one of the greatest, but this guy puts all others to shame.

A fine hero to the Finnish.

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Wayne----11Bravo (not verified) says:

This Sniper a coward, thats a laugh. Spend 24 hours in combat you pussy liberals, if you survive? Then call this warrior a coward.
Over and out.

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Chris (not verified) says:

Californio Says: P.S. despite an international mistaken view of americans as fat
Californio Says: and lazy, I have plenty of relatives that are Simo’s american
Californio Says: equivalent. Not people to triffle with.

That's hardly evidence that the generalization and stereotype is incorrect.

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AdrianLicea says:

I really appreciate hearing about an excellent sharpshooter. Many people dislike the idea of laying low and picking off enemies from a distance, however, snipers are still needed. In reality, how much people would prefer to do this then be on the front line?

They are definitely not cowards. Because you can do it in video games, doesn't mean you would fight in a real war. MarkJ. I truly respect you. It is nice to know that some people understand.

If recon or snipers didn't exist, the wars would be easily changes as snipers add an advantage of enemy movement and enemy location.
This story especially amazes me because he was using a Mosin Nagant, a beautiful sniper with no sights.
That is truly amazing.

Sniper due wield skill though, contrary to popular belief, they must have a steady hand and knowledge of wind directions and the way it may affect a bullet.

This is truly amazing, and is the reason I am currently trying to become a sniper rifle sharp shooter myself.

Also, I saw somebody mentioned about his rifle fitted with telescopic sights. Possibly that picture was prior to his time in the war, maybe it was taken when he was hunting, it did mention he hunted.

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Dravenholm says:

The reason for Häyhä's sizeable (estimated) SMG tally is that especially at the beginning of their campaign the Soviets employed an old-school strategy of trying to overrun the Finnish defenses based solely on their numerical superiority. This turned several battles into outright massacres, as Soviet officers pushed scores of men against Finnish trenches over an open terrain.

The Finns, on the other hand, had way too few machine guns, so the ones they did have were routinely operated by the most capable marksmen like Häyhä.

Häyhä's SMG tally of 200 enemies is a very rough estimate. No one actually had time to count those kills when the Soviets were attacking. If anything, I'd say the estimate is conservative, simply looking at the tactics employed by the Soviets at the time.